Tubular patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure device with catch system

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a device for occluding an anatomical aperture, such as an atrial septal defect (ASD) or a patent foramen ovale (PFO). The occluder includes two sides connected by a central tube. The occluder is formed from a tube, which is cut to produce struts in each side. Upon the application of force, the struts deform into loops. The loops may be of various shapes, sizes, and configurations, and, in at least some embodiments, the loops have rounded peripheries. In some embodiments, at least one of the sides includes a tissue scaffold. The occluder further includes a catch system that maintains its deployed state in vivo. When the occluder is deployed in vivo, the two sides are disposed on opposite sides of the septal tissue surrounding the aperture and the catch system is deployed so that the occluder exerts a compressive force on the septal tissue and closes the aperture.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/890,784, filed Jul. 14, 2004 and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/486,992, filed Jul. 14, 2003, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to an occlusion device for the closure of physical anomalies, such as an atrial septal defect, a patent foramen ovale, and other septal and vascular defects.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A patent foramen ovale (PFO), illustrated in FIG. 1, is a persistent, one-way, usually flap-like opening in the wall between the right atrium 11 and left atrium 13 of the heart 10. Because left atrial (LA) pressure is normally higher than right atrial (RA) pressure, the flap usually stays closed. Under certain conditions, however, right atrial pressure can exceed left atrial pressure, creating the possibility that blood could pass from the right atrium 11 to the left atrium 13 and blood clots could enter the systemic circulation. It is desirable that this circumstance be eliminated.

The foramen ovale serves a desired purpose when a fetus is gestating in utero. Because blood is oxygenated through the umbilical chord, and not through the developing lungs, the circulatory system of the fetal heart allows the blood to flow through the foramen ovale as a physiologic conduit for right-to-left shunting. After birth, with the establishment of pulmonary circulation, the increased left atrial blood flow and pressure results in functional closure of the foramen ovale. This functional closure is subsequently followed by anatomical closure of the two over-lapping layers of tissue: septum primum 14 and septum secundum 16. However, a PFO has been shown to persist in a number of adults.

The presence of a PFO is generally considered to have no therapeutic consequence in otherwise healthy adults. Paradoxical embolism via a PFO is considered in the diagnosis for patients who have suffered a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in the presence of a PFO and without another identified cause of ischemic stroke. While there is currently no definitive proof of a cause-effect relationship, many studies have confirmed a strong association between the presence of a PFO and the risk for paradoxical embolism or stroke. In addition, there is significant evidence that patients with a PFO who have had a cerebral vascular event are at increased risk for future, recurrent cerebrovascular events.

Accordingly, patients at such an increased risk are considered for prophylactic medical therapy to reduce the risk of a recurrent embolic event. These patients are commonly treated with oral anticoagulants, which potentially have adverse side effects, such as hemorrhaging, hematoma, and interactions with a variety of other drugs. The use of these drugs can alter a person's recovery and necessitate adjustments in a person's daily living pattern.

In certain cases, such as when anticoagulation is contraindicated, surgery may be necessary or desirable to close a PFO. The surgery would typically include suturing a PFO closed by attaching septum secundum to septum primum. This sutured attachment can be accomplished using either an interrupted or a continuous stitch and is a common way a surgeon shuts a PFO under direct visualization.

Umbrella devices and a variety of other similar mechanical closure devices, developed initially for percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects (ASDs), have been used in some instances to close PFOs. These devices potentially allow patients to avoid the side effects often associated with anticoagulation therapies and the risks of invasive surgery. However, umbrella devices and the like that are designed for ASDs are not optimally suited for use as PFO closure devices.

Currently available septal closure devices present drawbacks, including technically complex implantation procedures. Additionally, there are not insignificant complications due to thrombus, fractures of the components, conduction system disturbances, perforations of heart tissue, and residual leaks. Many devices have high septal profile and include large masses of foreign material, which may lead to unfavorable body adaptation of a device. Given that ASD devices are designed to occlude holes, many lack anatomic conformability to the flap-like anatomy of PFOs. Thus, when inserting an ASD device to close a PFO, the narrow opening and the thin flap may form impediments to proper deployment. Even if an occlusive seal is formed, the device may be deployed in the heart on an angle, leaving some components insecurely seated against the septum and, thereby, risking thrombus formation due to hemodynamic disturbances. Finally, some septal closure devices are complex to manufacture, which may result in inconsistent product performance.

The present invention is designed to address these and other deficiencies of prior art septal closure devices.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention provides a device for occluding an aperture in septal tissue, including a first side adapted to be disposed on one side of the septal tissue and a second side adapted to be disposed on the opposite side of the septal tissue. The first and second sides are adapted to occlude the aperture upon deployment of the device at its intended delivery location. The device also includes a catch system that maintains the configuration of the device once it has been deployed.

According to some embodiments, the catch system reduces and maintains the axial length of the device. Also, varied constructions could be used to maintain the axial dimension of the device. In one form, catch elements such as, e.g., balls, attached to a delivery wire could be used to maintain the axial dimension of the device. In a different construction, a locking mechanism could be used. Preferably, if a locking mechanism is used, it secures both sides of the device in the locked position with a single locking element.

According to at least some embodiments, the device is formed from a tube. According to some embodiments, the tube includes a material selected from the group consisting of metals, shape memory materials, alloys, polymers, bioabsorbable polymers, and combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the tube includes a shape memory polymer. According to some embodiments, the device is formed by cutting the tube.

According to some embodiments, at least one of the first and second sides of the device includes a tissue scaffold. According to some embodiments, the tissue scaffold includes a material selected from the group consisting of polyester fabrics, Teflon-based materials, polyurethanes, metals, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), extracellular matrix (ECM) or other bioengineered materials, synthetic bioabsorbable polymeric scaffolds, collagen, and combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the tissue scaffold includes nitinol.

According to some embodiments, the first and second sides of the device are connected by a central tube. According to some embodiments, the central tube is positioned so as to minimize distortion to the septal tissue surrounding the aperture. In particular embodiments, the central tube is positioned at an angle θ from the second side, and the angle θ is greater than 0 degrees and less than about 90 degrees.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a device for occluding an aperture in septal tissue, including a first side adapted to be disposed on one side of the septal tissue and a second side adapted to be disposed on the opposite side of the septal tissue. The first and second sides are adapted to occlude the defect when the device is deployed at its intended delivery location. Each of the first and second sides includes loops. The device further includes a catch system that maintains the configuration of the device once it has been deployed. The loops of the first and second sides and the catch system cooperate to provide a compressive force to the septal tissue surrounding the aperture.

According to some embodiments, each of the first and second sides includes at least two loops. In particular embodiments, each of the first and second sides includes four or six loops. Of course, the most desirable number of loops on each side will depend on a variety of anatomical and manufacturing factors.

According to some embodiments, the device also includes a central tube that connects the first and second sides. According to some embodiments, the central tube is positioned so as to minimize distortion to the septal tissue surrounding the aperture. In particular embodiments, the central tube is positioned at an angle θ from the second side, and the angle θ is greater than 0 degrees and less than about 90 degrees.

According to some embodiments, the device is formed from a tube. According to some embodiments, the tube includes a material selected from the group consisting of metals, shape memory materials, alloys, polymers, bioabsorbable polymers, and combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the tube includes nitinol. In particular embodiments, the tube includes a shape memory polymer.

According to some embodiments, at least one of the first and second sides further includes a tissue scaffold. According to some embodiments, the tissue scaffold includes a material selected from the group consisting of polyester fabrics, Teflon-based materials, polyurethanes, metals, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), extracellular matrix (ECM) or other bioengineered materials, synthetic bioabsorbable polymeric scaffolds, collagen, and combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the tissue scaffold includes nitinol.

According to some embodiments, each of the loops includes a rounded edge at its periphery to minimize trauma to the septal tissue. In particular embodiments, the outer periphery of the device is circular.

In still another aspect, the present invention provides a method of making a device for occluding an aperture in septal tissue, including providing a tube having first and second ends and upper and lower portions, cutting at least four axially-extending openings in the upper portion of the tube, cutting at least four axially-extending openings in the lower portion of the tube. The openings in the upper and lower portions are separated by a central portion of the tube.

According to some embodiments, the tube includes a material selected from the group consisting of metals, shape memory materials, alloys, polymers, bioabsorbable polymers, and combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the tube includes a shape memory polymer.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method of occluding an aperture in septal tissue, including providing a tube having first and second ends and upper and lower portions in a delivery sheath. The tube includes at least four axially-extending openings in its upper portion and at least three axially-extending openings in its lower portion. The openings in the upper and lower portions are separated by a central portion of the tube. The deliver sheath is inserted into a right atrium of a heart, through the aperture in the septal tissue, and into the left atrium of the heart. The first end and the upper portion of the tube are deployed into the left atrium. The sheath is then retracted through the aperture and into the right atrium of the heart, where the second end and the lower portion of the tube are deployed into the right atrium. The sheath is then withdrawn from the heart. Of course, a catch system could be used to secure the device in a delivered (expanded) state. The catch system may have any or all the characteristics described in the specification. Further, other types of catch systems could be used to hold the device in the delivered state.

According to some embodiments, a force is applied to each of the first and second ends in an axial direction such that the axial length of the tube is reduced. The force applied to the first end is in a direction opposite to that of the force applied to the second end.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a human heart including various septal defects;

FIGS. 2A-2D are isometric views of an embodiment of an occluder according to the present invention;

FIGS. 3A-3C are front elevational, side, and cross-sectional views, respectively, of the occluder of FIGS. 2A-2D;

FIGS. 4A-4B are front elevational and side views, respectively, of another embodiment of an occluder according to the present invention;

FIGS. 5A-5B are front and side views, respectively, of still another embodiment of an occluder according to the present invention;

FIGS. 6A-6E are isometric views of one embodiment of a catch system according to the present invention;

FIGS. 7A-7C are side views of another embodiment of a locking mechanism according to the present invention;

FIGS. 8A-8C are isometric views of yet another embodiment of an occluder according to the present invention;

FIGS. 9A-9H are side views of one method for delivering an occluder according to the present invention to a septal defect; and

FIGS. 10A-10D are side views of one method for retrieving an occluder according to the present invention from a septal defect

FIGS. 11A-11C are isometric views of occluders according to various embodiments of the invention;

FIGS. 12A and 12B are side and top views, respectively, of an alternate embodiment of an occluder according to the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a side view of an embodiment of the occluder of the present invention; and

FIG. 14 is an isometric view of an embodiment of the occluder of the present invention;

FIG. 15 is a side view of the occluder of FIGS. 11A-11C deployed in vivo.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a device for occluding an aperture within body tissue. In particular and as described in detail below, the occluder of the present invention may be used for closing an ASD or PFO in the atrial septum of a heart. Although the embodiments of the invention are described with reference to an ASD or PFO, one skilled in the art will recognize that the device and methods of the present invention may be used to treat other anatomical conditions. As such, the invention should not be considered limited in applicability to any particular anatomical condition.

FIG. 1 illustrates a human heart 10, having a right atrium 11 and a left atrium 13 and including various anatomical anomalies 18 a and 18 b. The atrial septum 12 includes septum primum 14 and septum secundum 16. The anatomy of the septum 12 varies widely within the population. In some people, septum primum 14 extends to and overlaps with septum secundum 16. The septum primum 14 may be quite thin. When a PFO is present, blood could travel through the passage 18 a between septum primum 14 and septum secundum 16 (referred to as “the PFO tunnel”). Additionally or alternatively, the presence of an ASD could permit blood to travel through an aperture in the septal tissue, such as that schematically illustrated by aperture 18 b.

In this application, “distal” refers to the direction away from a catheter insertion location and “proximal” refers to the direction nearer the insertion location.

The occluder 20 may be further varied by altering the cutting pattern on tube 25. For example, and as shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B-2D, and 3A-3C, petal-shaped loops 32 (FIGS. 2A-2D and FIG. 3A) are produced by cutting slits 31 in the upper portion of tube 25 according to the cutting pattern shown in FIG. 2A. As shown in FIG. 2B, tube 25 is cut in half to form half sections 91 a and 91 b. The half sections 91 a and 91 b are further cut to a proximal distance from end 39 into quarter sections 92 a, 93 a, 92 b, and 93 b. The cuts are discontinued and quarter sections 92 a and 93 a form half section 94 a at end 39, and quarter sections 92 b and 93 form half section 94 b at end 39. Upon application of force F_(d) to end 39, struts 32 bow and twist outward to form petal-shaped loops 32 in distal side 30, as shown in FIGS. 2C-2D. The movement of the struts during deployment is such that the struts rotate in an orthogonal plane relative to the axis of the device. Central tube 22 may be constrained during the application of force F_(d), or any combination of forces sufficient to reduce the axial length of the tube 25 may be applied. One end of each of petal-shaped loops 32 originates from central tube 22, while the other end originates from end 39 (FIGS. 2B-2C and FIG. 3A). Petal-shaped loops 42 may be formed in proximal side 40, as shown in FIGS. 2B-2D, using the same cutting pattern described above.

Given that the surface of occluder 20 will contact septal tissue 12 once it is deployed in vivo, slits 31 and 41 are further cut so as to prevent the formation of sharp, potentially damaging edges along their length. For example, a heated cutting tool may be used to cut slits 31 and 41 such that the material of tube 25 melts slightly when placed in contact with the cutting tool. Such melting rounds the edges of the sections. Lasers may also be used to cut slits 31 and 41. According to this process, the edges of loops 32 formed by the cutting of slits 31 and 41 are blunted (due to melting) to prevent tissue damage in vivo.

The tube(s) 25 forming occluder 20 includes a biocompatible metal or polymer. In at least some embodiments, the occluder 20 is formed of a bioresorbable polymer, or a shape memory polymer. Shape memory polymers can be advantageous so that the structure of the device assists in pressing the PFO tunnel closed. In other embodiments, the occluder 20 is formed of a biocompatible metal, such as a shape memory alloy (e.g., nitinol). The thermal shape memory and/or superelastic properties of shape memory polymers and alloys permit the occluder 20 to resume and maintain its intended shape in vivo despite being distorted during the delivery process. Alternatively, or additionally, the occluder 20 may be formed of a bioresorbable metal, such as iron, magnesium, or combinations of these and similar materials. The cross-sectional shape of tube 25 may be circular or polygonal, for example square, or hexagonal. The slits 31 and 41 may be disposed on the face of the polygon (i.e., the flat part) or on the intersection of the faces.

The tube can be extruded or constructed of a sheet of material and rolled into a tube. The sheet of material could be a single ply sheet or multiple ply. The slits that form the struts could be cut or stamped into the tube prior to rolling the tube to connect the ends to form an enclosed cross section. Various geometrical cross sections are possible including circular, square, hexagonal and octagonal and the joint could be at the vertex or along the flat of a wall if the cross section is of a particular geometery. Various attachment techniques could be used to join the ends of the sheet to form a tube, including welding, heat adhesives, non-heat adhesives and other joining techniques suitable for in-vivo application.

The surface of tube 25 may be textured or smooth. An occluder 20 having a rough surface produces an inflammatory response upon contact with septal tissue 12 in vivo, thereby promoting faster tissue ingrowth, healing, and closure of aperture 18 a (shown in FIG. 1). Such a rough surface may be produced, for example, by shaving tube 25 to produce whiskers along its surface. For example, central tube 22 may include such whiskers. Additionally or alternatively, the surface of tube 25 may be porous to facilitate cell ingrowth.

The distal side 30 of the occluder 20 (also called the “anchor portion”) is shown in FIGS. 2C and 2D. The distal side 30 includes four loops 32 a, 32 b, 32 c, and 32 d (collectively referred to as loops 32). As previously described, each of loops 32 a-32 d are formed by corresponding struts 32 a-3 d produced by cutting slits 31. The application of force F_(d) to end 39 of tube 25 brings the axial ends of slits 31 together such that struts 32 bow and twist outwardly to form loops 32 of distal side 30 (FIGS. 2B-2C). Central tube 22 may be constrained during the application of force F_(d). One skilled in the art will recognize that any combination of forces sufficient to reduce the axial length of the tube 25 would be sufficient to deploy the distal side 30 of occluder 20.

As illustrated, the loops 32 are evenly distributed about central tube 22 and end 39. Thus, when proximal side 30 includes four loops 32 (as shown in FIGS. 2C and 2D), the four slits 31 are spaced 90 degrees apart. Similarly, when proximal side 30 includes six loops 32, the six slits 31 are spaced 60 degrees apart. The angle between equally-spaced slits 31 in proximal side 30 is determined by the formula (360/n_(d)).

Although the distal side 30 of the occluder 20 shown in FIG. 3A includes four loops 32, occluders according to the present invention may include any number of loops 32 necessary for a given application. In particular embodiments, the distal side 30 of occluder 20 includes six loops (FIG. 4A). Occluders having between four and ten loops 32 may be formed without requiring significant adjustments in the processes described in this application. However, occluders having less than four or more than ten loops 32 may be complicated to manufacture and deliver through the vasculature.

Regardless of the number of loops included in distal side 30 and depending upon the material used to form occluder 20, the outer shape of loops 32 may vary. In at least some embodiments, the loops 32 are rounded to provide an occluder 20 having a smooth, circular perimeter. As the number of loops 32 in the distal side 30 of occluder 20 increases, it becomes desirable to round the outer perimeters of the loops 32 so as to prevent the infliction of trauma on the surrounding septal tissue 12.

The proximal side 40 of the occluder 20, shown in side view in FIG. 2D, also includes four loops, 42 a, 42 b, 42 c, and 42 d (collectively referred to as loops 42). As previously described, each of loops 42 a-42 d are formed by cutting slits 41. The application of force F_(p) to end 44 of tube 25 brings the axial ends of slits 41 together such that struts 42 bow and twist outwardly to form loops 42 of proximal side 40 (FIGS. 2C-2D). Central tube 22 may be constrained during the application of force F_(p). One skilled in the art will recognize that any combination of forces sufficient to reduce the axial length of the tube 25 would be sufficient to deploy the proximal side 40 of occluder 20. As described above for distal side 30, the loops 42 are evenly distributed about central tube 22 and tip 44.

Although the proximal side 40 of the occluder 20 shown in FIG. 2D includes four loops 42, one skilled in the art will recognize that the proximal side 40 of an occluder according to the present invention may include any number of loops 42 required and suitable for a given application. In particular embodiments, the proximal side 40 of occluder 20 includes six loops 42 (FIG. 4A). Further, although illustrated, distal side 30 and proximal side 40 both include four loops, there is no requirement that distal side 30 and proximal side 40 include the same number of loops. In fact, in particular applications, it may be advantageous to use an occluder 20 in which distal side 30 contains fewer loops than proximal side 40, or vice versa.

In at least some embodiments, illustrated in FIG. 4A and FIGS. 12A-12B, the loops 42 of the proximal side 40 are rotated with respect to the loops 32 of the distal side 30 to provide a better distribution of forces around the aperture 18 a. For example, proximal slits 41 may be rotated such that they are offset from distal slits 31 by half the angle between adjacent slits on the distal side 30, e.g., when distal side 30 and proximal side 40 of occluder 20 each have four loops 32 and 42, respectively, proximal slits 41 are rotated 30-45 degrees with respect to slits 31. Thus, in a preferred form, as shown in FIG. 12A, proximal slits 41 are rotated 45 degrees (as indicated by angle φ) with respect to distal slits 31. Correspondingly, as shown in FIG. 12B, proximal loops 42 are rotated 45 degrees with respect to distal loops 32 (as indicated by angle φ).

Further, loops 32 of distal side 30 may be bent to form concave loops, while loops 42 of proximal side 40 may be flat (FIG. 13). In this embodiment, the outermost portions of loops 42 of proximal side 40 oppose the outermost portions of the loops 32 of the proximal side 30, as described in more detail below, thereby creating a desirable opposing force that secures the occluder 20 at its desired location in vivo. So configured, the opposing compressive forces exerted by sides 30 and 40 on the septal tissue 12 following deployment of occluder 20 in vivo is advantageous in certain circumstances, such as closing certain kinds of PFOs.

Whatever the number and shapes of loops 32 and 42, the loops 32 and 42 may be of varied sizes to facilitate delivery of occluder 20, e.g. to improve collapsibility of the occluder 20 or to enhance its securement at the delivery site. For example, loops 32 and 42 sized to better conform with anatomical landmarks enhance securement of the occluder 20 to the septal tissue 12 in vivo. As indicated above, the cross-sectional dimensions of loops 32 and 42 are determined by the thickness of tube 25 and the distance between adjacent slits 31 and 41. The length of slits 31 and 41 determines the length of loops 32 and 42 and the radial extent of the deployed occluder 20. In at least some embodiments, each of distal side 30 and proximal side 40 has a diameter in the range of about 10 mm to about 45 mm, with the particular diameter determined by the size of the particular defect being treated. In particular embodiments, the diameter of distal side 30 will be different than that of proximal side 40 so as to better conform to the anatomy of the patient's heart.

The struts which form the loops may be constructed as illustrated in FIG. 2B. That is, about ⅓ the length of the slit is 91 a, ⅓ of the length of the slit is the distance of 93 b and the final third of the slit is the length of 94 b. Of course other dimension would produced advantageous results. In general, the longer the length of the hemispherical (as shown) struts, the stiffer the occluder will be. The longer the length of the quarter (as shown) struts, the less stiff the occluder will be. In other words, the hemispherical cut (one of the two) may be 20-40 percent of the overall length of the cuts along the tube. Specifically, the hemispherical cuts could be 40% of the overall length and then the quarter cut be 20% of the cut. Also, the lengths of the hemispherical cuts need not be the same. It may be advantageous to shorten one or the other side of the hemispherical cut based on a desired stiffness characteristic for a particular application of the occluder. In an alternative structure, the cuts can be extended in a range up to 100 percent of the length of one side of the occluding member while still enabling the bow and twist of the struts.

As indicated previously and shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2D, distal side 30 and proximal side 40 of occluder 20 are connected by central tube 22. The central tube 22 is formed by that portion of tube 25 between the upper portion of tube 25, which contains slits 31, and the lower portion of tube 25, which contains slits 41. Given that the central portion of tube 25 remains uncut during the cutting process, the central portion of the tube maintains its profile upon the application of forces F_(d) and F_(p) and does not bow and twist outward as the proximal and distal sides are adapted to do.

Central tube 22 may be straight or positioned at an angle θ, as shown in FIG. 13. The type of central tube 22 included in a given occluder is, at least in part, determined by the nature of the aperture 18. An occluder having a straight central tube 22 is particularly suited to treat an anatomical anomaly including a perpendicular aperture, such as an ASD and certain PFOs. Often, however, anatomical anomalies, such as certain PFOs, have non-perpendicular apertures and are sometimes quite significantly non-perpendicular. An occluder having an angled central tube 22 is well-suited for treatment of such defects, such that the angle of the anatomical aperture 18 is more closely matched by the pre-formed angle θ of the occluder 20. Also, the length of the center tube should be varied depending on the anatomy of the defect being closed. Accordingly, the distal side 30 and proximal side 40 of occluder 20 are more likely to be seated against and minimize distortion to the septal tissue 12 surrounding the aperture 18, as shown in FIG. 15. A well-seated occluder 20 is less likely to permit blood leakage between the right 11 and left 13 atria, and the patient into which the occluder 20 has been placed is, therefore, less likely to suffer embolisms and other adverse events. Advantageously, angled central tube 22 also facilitates delivery of occluder 20 because it is angled toward the end of the delivery sheath. In at least some embodiments, the angle θ is about 0-45 degrees off the plane created by the proximal side 40. Proximal side 40 may bend depending upon, among other factors, the material used to form occluder 20. Accordingly, depending upon design considerations, tip 44 and end 39 may be aligned with central tube 22 or perpendicular to proximal side 40 or some variation in between. One skilled in the art will be capable of determining whether a straight or angled central tube 22 is best suited for treatment of a given anatomical aperture 18 and the appropriate angle θ, typically in the range between 0 and 45 degrees or even to 90 degrees if used in an oblique passageway such as a very long tunnel PFO, for a given angled central tube 22. Further, one skilled in the art will recognize that the concept of an angled central tube may be applied to septal occluders other than those disclosed herein.

When central tube 22 is positioned at angle θ, distal side 30 and proximal side 40 of occluder 20 may be configured such that they are either directly opposing or, as shown in FIGS. 5B, 13 and 14, offset by distance A. One skilled in the art will, of course, recognize that the shape and arrangement of either or both of distal side 30 and proximal side 40 may be adjusted such that the compressive forces they apply are as directly opposing as possible. However, in some clinical applications, an occluder 20 having an offset of distance A may be particularly desirable. For example, as shown in FIGS. 13-14, if the septal tissue 12 surrounding aperture 18 includes a disproportionately thick portion (e.g. septum secundum 16 as compared to septum primum 14), the offset A may be used to seat occluder 20 more securely upon septal tissue 12. Moreover, the offset A allows each of sides 30 and 40 to be centered around each side of an asymmetric aperture 18.

When a central tube 22 at angle θ is included in occluder 20, a marker is required to properly orient the occluder 20 in its intended in vivo delivery location. For example, platinum wire may be wrapped around one of loops 32 or 42 so as to permit visualization of the orientation of the occluder 20 using fluoroscopy. Alternatively, other types of markers may be used, e.g. coatings, clips, etc. As one skilled in the art would appreciate, the radiopaque marker could be blended in with the extrudate and thus provide visibility under fluoroscopy. As will be readily understood by one skilled in the art, the orientation of a non-symmetrical occluder 20 during delivery is of great importance. Of course, when a non-symmetrical occluder 20 is used, the periphery of the occluder 20 may be configured such that the clamping force applied by the proximal side 40 is directly opposed to that applied by the distal side 30.

Upon deployment in vivo (a process described in detail below), an occluder 20 according to the present invention applies a compressive force to the septal tissue 12. Distal side 30 is seated against the septal tissue 12 in the left atrium 13; central tube 22 extends through the aperture 18; and proximal side 40 is seated against the septal tissue 12 in the right atrium 11. At least some portion of each of loops 32 and 42 contacts septal tissue 12. In particular embodiments, a substantial length of each of loops 32 and 42 contacts septal tissue 12. As illustrated in the representative Figures, the proximal side 40 and distal side 30 of occluder 20 overlap significantly, such that the septal tissue 12 is “sandwiched” between them once the occluder 20 is deployed. According to at least some embodiments and depending upon the material used to form occluder 20, the loops 32 and 42 provide both a radially-extending compressive force and a circumferential compressive force to septal tissue 12. In these embodiments, the compressive forces are more evenly and more widely distributed across the surface of the septal tissue 12 surrounding the aperture 18 and, therefore, provide the occluder 20 with superior dislodgement resistance as compared to prior art devices. As used in this application, “dislodgement resistance” refers to the ability of an occluder 20 to resist the tendency of the force applied by the unequal pressures between the right 11 and left 13 atria (i.e. the “dislodging force”) to separate the occluder 20 from the septal tissue 12. Generally, a high dislodgement resistance is desirable.

Loops 32 and 42 are also configured to minimize the trauma they inflict on the septal tissue 12 surrounding aperture 18. Specifically, as indicated previously, the outer perimeter of loops 32 and 42 may be rounded. Accordingly, occluder 20 has a low compression resistance. For example, as illustrated in FIGS. 2B-2D, the circumferential portions of loops 32 and 42 are thinner than the orthogonally-extending portions of loops 32 and 42; therefore, the center of the occluder 20 is stronger than its perimeter. As used in this application, “compression resistance” refers to the ability of an occluder 20 to resist the lateral compressive force applied by the heart as it contracts during a heartbeat. Generally, an occluder that resists compressive force, i.e. has high compression resistance, is undesirable because its rigid shape and arrangement may cause trauma to the septal tissue 12, the right atrium 11, and/or the left atrium 13.

According to at least some embodiments of the present invention, occluder 20 further includes a catch system, generally indicated at 131, that secures the occluder 20 in its deployed state. The catch mechanism 131, in general, maintains the shape and arrangement of occluder 20 once the occluder 20 has been deployed. Catch system 131 reduces and maintains the axial length L of the occluder 20 so that occluder 20 maintains its deployed state, is secured in the aperture 18, and consistently applies a compressive force to septal tissue 12 that is sufficient to close aperture 18. Catch system 131 is particularly advantageous when the occluder 20 is formed of a polymeric material, as previously described, because the polymeric occluder 20 may be deformed during delivery such that it may not fully recover its intended shape once deployed. By reducing and maintaining the axial length L of occluder 20 once it has been deployed in vivo, catch mechanism 131 compensates for any undesirable structural changes suffered by occluder 20 during delivery. In some embodiments, catch system 131 includes a ceramic material or a material selected from the group consisting of metals, shape memory materials, alloys, polymers, bioabsorbable polymers, and combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the catch system may include nitinol or a shape memory polymer. Further, the catch system may include a material selected from the group consisting Teflon-based materials, polyurethanes, metals, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), extracellular matrix (ECM) or other bioengineered materials, synthetic bioabsorbable polymeric scaffolds, collagen, and combinations thereof.

Catch system 131 may take a variety of forms, non-limiting examples of which are provided in FIGS. 6A-6E. For example, as shown in FIG. 6A, catch system 131 includes two members, e.g., balls, 133 and 135 attached to delivery string 137. The catch system and catch element are preferably the same material as the occluder, although based on design selection, they could be the same or different material. In certain circumstances, it may be necessary to make them of different material. Delivery string 137 is permanently attached to member 135 and is then threaded through end 39, distal portion 30 of tube 25, central tube 22, proximal portion 40 of tube 25, and tip 44, such that ball 133 is located between central tube 22 and end 39 and ball 135 is located on the distal side of end 39. The function of catch system 131 is shown in FIGS. 6B-6E. Ball 133 is designed such that, upon the application of sufficient pulling force F₁ to delivery string 137, it passes through central tube 22 (FIG. 6B) and tip 44 (FIG. 6C). Ball 133 cannot reenter tip 44 or central tube 22 without the application of a sufficient, additional force. In this manner, ball 133 may be used to bring together the distal side 30 and the proximal side 40, thereby reducing and maintaining the axial length L of occluder 20. Obviously, during the application of pulling force F₁, the tip 44 of occluder 20 must be held against an object, such as a delivery sheath. Ball 135 is designed such that, upon application of sufficient pulling force F₂ to delivery string 137, it passes through end 39 (FIG. 6D) and central tube 22 (FIG. 6E). The pulling force F₂ required to move ball 135 through end 39 and central tube 22 is greater than the pulling force F₁ required to move ball 133 through central tube 22 and tip 44. However, ball 135 cannot pass through tip 44. Thus, the application of sufficient pulling force F₂ to ball 135 releases distal side 30 and proximal side 40, as described in more detail below. It should be noted that while members 133 and 135 are illustrated as spherical members in FIGS. 6A-6E, members 133 and 135 may take any suitable shape. For example, members 133 and 135 may be conical. The narrow portions of conical members 133 and 135 point toward tip 44 of proximal side 40. One possible mode of recovery or retrieval for this device is simply reversing the implantation procedure. Of course, other modes of recovery or retrieval are possible, some of which are described in this specification.

A different system for securing the device in the deployed state is shown in FIGS. 7A-7C. A locking mechanism 191 includes a hollow cylinder 141 having at least two half-arrows 143 and 145 located at its proximal end (FIG. 7A). Cylinder 141 enters tip 44 under application of pulling force F₁ to delivery string 137. As cylinder 141 enters tip 44, half-arrows 143 and 145 are forced together such that the diameter of the proximal end of cylinder 141 is reduced (FIG. 7B). Under continued application of pulling force F₁, half-arrows 143 and 145 pass through tip 44 and expand to their original shape and arrangement (FIG. 7C). Given that half-arrows 143 and 145 extend beyond the diameter of tip 44, the axial length of an occluder 20 including the locking mechanism 191 shown in FIGS. 7A-7C is maintained in its reduced state. If the implant needs to be removed or repositioned, the locking mechanism 191 shown in FIGS. 7A-7C may be released by moving half-arrows 143 and 145 together such that the diameter of the proximal end of cylinder 141 is smaller than that of tip 44 and cylinder 141 passes through tip 44. Cylinder 141 may then be withdrawn from tip 44.

One skilled in the art will recognize that catch system 131 may assume numerous configurations while retaining its capability to reduce and maintain the axial length L of occluder 20 such that occluder 20 maintains its deployed state. For example, catch system 131 may include a threaded screw, a tie-wrap, or a combination of catch systems 131. Furthermore, catch system 131 may include multiple members that may provides a stepped deployment process. For example, catch system 131 as depicted in FIGS. 6A-6E may include three balls. In this configuration, one ball is used to secure the distal end 30 of occluder 20 and another ball is used to secure the proximal end 40 of occluder 20, and the third ball is secured to the distal end. Any suitable catch system 131 may be incorporated into any of the embodiments of occluder 20 described herein. One skilled in the art will be capable of selecting the catch system 131 suitable for use in a given clinical application.

Occluder 20 may be modified in various ways. According to some embodiments of the present invention, distal side 30 and/or proximal 40 side of occluder 20 may include a tissue scaffold. The tissue scaffold ensures more complete coverage of aperture 18 and promotes encapsulation and endothelialization of septal tissue 12, thereby further encouraging anatomical closure of the septal tissue 12. The tissue scaffold may be formed of any flexible, biocompatible material capable of promoting tissue growth, including but not limited to polyester fabrics, Teflon-based materials, ePTFE, polyurethanes, metallic materials, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), extracellular matrix (ECM) or other bioengineered materials, synthetic bioabsorbable polymeric scaffolds, other natural materials (e.g. collagen), or combinations of the foregoing materials. For example, the tissue scaffold may be formed of a thin metallic film or foil, e.g. a nitinol film or foil, as described in U.S. Patent Appl. No. 2003/0059640 (the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference). In those embodiments where occluder 20 includes a tissue scaffold, the scaffold may be located on the outside the face of distal side 30 with an alternative of including scaffold also inside the proximal side 40. Also, the tissue scaffold could be disposed against the tissue that is sought to be occluded, such as the septal tissue 12 so that the proximity of the tissue scaffold and septal tissue 12 promotes endothelialization. Loops 32 and 42 may also be stitched to the tissue scaffold to securely fasten the scaffold to occluder 20. One skilled in the art will be able to determine those clinical applications in which the use of tissue scaffolds and/or stitches is appropriate.

Occluder 20 may be further modified so that it lacks end 39 and tip 44, as shown in FIGS. 8A-8C, and, therefore, has a reduced septal profile. Such an occluder may be formed in several ways. For example, according to one embodiment, slits 31 and 41 are extended through end 39 and tip 44, respectively, of tube 25 during the cutting process. This cutting pattern produces struts 32 that deform during deployment to produce incomplete loops 32. One side of the device, facing the viewer as shown in FIG. 8A, is formed by slits 31 that extend along the tube 25 to varying lengths. The tube 25 is cut in half to form half sections 154 a and 154 b. The half sections 154 a and 154 b are further cut to a proximal distance from the end 39 into quarter sections 155 a, 156 a, 155 b, and 156 b. The ends of the quarter sections 155 a and 155 b are joined at “free ends” 153 to close the loop 32. Similarly, the free ends of quarter sections 156 a and 156 b may be joined by appropriate cutting, see FIG. 8 b. The ends may be joined using any suitable connectors, e.g., 151, e.g., welds. One of skill in the art will recognize that the free ends 153 of loops 32 may be connected using other means, including but not limited to seams and bonds obtained by heat or vibration.

In the above embodiment, the slits in the quarter sections are run completely through the end of the tube 39. In an alternative embodiment, the end 39 may remain uncut, thereby eliminating the need for a weld to join the quarter sections together.

The embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 8A-8C depicts an occluder 20 in which both sides are formed according to the above-described design. Alternatively, an occluder 20 according to the present invention may include a hybrid structure, wherein one side is designed according to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 8A-8C and the other side is designed according to other types of structures disclosed in this application.

Occluder 20 may be prepared for delivery to an aperture 18 in any one of several ways. Slits 31 and 41 may be cut such that tube 25 bends into its intended configuration following deployment in vivo. Specifically, slits 31 and 41 may be cut to produce struts 32 and 42 of a thickness that facilitates the bending and formation of loops 32 and 42 upon the application of forces F_(d) and F_(p) during deployment. Alternatively and/or additionally, a tube 25 formed of a shape memory material may be preformed into its intended configuration ex vivo so that it will recover its preformed shape once deployed in vivo. According to at least some embodiments, this preforming technique produces more reliable deployment and bending of occluder 20 in vivo. An intermediate approach may also be used: tube 25 may be only slightly preformed ex vivo such that it is predisposed to bend into its intended shape in vivo upon application of forces F_(d) and F_(p).

An occluder 20 as described herein may be delivered to an anatomical aperture 18 using any suitable delivery technique. For example, distal side 30 and proximal side 40 of occluder 20 may be deployed in separate steps, or both distal side 30 and proximal side 40 of occluder 20 may be deployed prior to engaging the catch system. One delivery method will be described in detail herein. As shown in FIGS. 9A-9H, a delivery sheath 161 containing pusher sleeve 169 (shown in FIG. 9H) is used to deliver occluder 20 including the catch system 131 illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6E. Sheath 161 contains occluder 20 in its elongated, delivery form (FIG. 9A). As shown in FIG. 9B, delivery sheath 161 is first inserted into the right atrium 11 of the patient's heart. Sheath 161 is next inserted through aperture 18 located in the septal tissue 12 (which, in this example, is a PFO tunnel) and into the left atrium 13 (FIG. 9C). Distal side 30 of occluder 20 is then deployed into the left atrium 13, as shown in FIG. 9D. Following deployment of distal side 30, pulling force F₁ is applied to delivery string 137 such that ball 133 passes through the central tube 22, thereby securing distal side 30 into its deployed state (FIG. 9E). Sheath 161 is withdrawn through the aperture 18 and into the right atrium 11, such that central tube 22 is deployed through the aperture 18 (FIG. 9F). Proximal side 40 of occluder 20 is then deployed into the right atrium 11 (FIG. 9G), and pulling force F₁ is again applied to delivery string 137 such that ball 133 passes through tip 44, thereby securing the proximal side 40 into its deployed state (FIG. 9H). When properly deployed, occluder 20 rests within the aperture 18, and the distal side 30 and proximal side 40 exert a compressive force against septum primum 14 and septum secundum 16 in the left 13 and right 11 atria, respectively, to close the aperture 18, i.e. the PFO. When occluder 20 is properly deployed, delivery string 137 is detached from catch system 131, including balls 133 and 135 and a connecting member, and sheath 161 is then withdrawn from the heart. In the event occluder 20 is not properly deployed after performing the procedure described above, the occluder 20 may be recovered by reversing the steps of the delivery sequence.

In the an alternative recovery technique, the occluder 20 may be recovered and repositioned by catch system 131 as shown in FIGS. 10A-10D. Pusher sleeve 169 in sheath 161 is positioned against tip 44 in the right atrium 11 (FIG. 10A). Pulling force F₂ is applied to delivery string 137, such that ball 135 passes through end 39 and into central tube 22, thereby releasing distal side 30 from its deployed state (FIG. 10B). Force F₂ is again applied to delivery string 137 so that ball 135 subsequently passes through central tube 22, thereby releasing proximal side 40 from its deployed state (FIG. 10C). Delivery string 137 is then pulled further such that occluder 20, now in its elongated state, is retracted into sheath 161 (FIG. 10D). Following recovery of occluder 20, sheath 161 may be withdrawn from the heart and another occluder inserted in the desired delivery location as described above and shown in FIGS. 9A-9H.

Distal side 30 and proximal side 40 are connected by central tube 22. As illustrated, the central tube 22 is an uncut central part of the tube used to form occluder 20. As described below, the entire tube is indicated by reference numeral 25. As shown, the occluder 20 may be inserted into the septal tissue 12 to prevent the flow of blood through the aperture 18 a, e.g., the occluder may extend through the PFO tunnel such that the distal side 30 is located in the left atrium 13 and the proximal side 40 is located in the right atrium 11. Additionally or alternatively, the occluder 20 may be inserted into the septal tissue 12 so as to prevent the flow of blood through the aperture 18 b, e.g., the occluder may extend through the ASD such that the distal side 30 is located in the left atrium 13 and the proximal side 40 is located in the right atrium 11. As used in this application, unless otherwise indicated, the term “aperture 18” refers to any anatomical anomaly that may be treated by use of occluder 20, such as PFO 18 a or ASD 18 b.

The occluder 20 is constructed of one or more metal or polymer tube(s), referred to collectively as “tube” 25. Tube 25 includes slits 31 and 41, which are formed using an etching or cutting process that produces a particular cutting pattern on tube 25. For example, as shown in FIG. 11C, slits 31 are cut along the axial length of the upper half of tube 25 using a cutting tool, e.g., a razor blade. According to some embodiments of the present invention and as shown in FIG. 11C, slits 31 are cut without removing any significant amount of material from tube 25, i.e., the formation of slits 31 does not significantly reduce the overall volume of tube 25. According to other embodiments of the present invention, slits 31 are formed by cutting material out of tube 25 such that the volume of tube 25 is reduced. Both ends of each of slits 31 are rounded so as to relieve stresses at the axial ends of the slits 31. This prevents slits 31 from lengthening due to cyclic stresses present in a beating heart and the resultant material fatigue. In those embodiments where slits 31 are cut without removing any significant amount of material from tube 25, rounded ends or holes 33 may be produced by burning holes at both ends of each of slits 31. In those embodiments where slits 31 are formed by cutting material out of tube 25, rounded ends 33 may be formed during the cutting process. The size of rounded ends 33 may vary depending upon the dimensions of tube 25 and the amount of stress release required by the deformation.

As shown in FIGS. 11A-11C, cutting slits 31 forms struts 32 in tube 25. Upon deployment, struts 32 deform into a shape generally characterized as “loops” 32. Thus, the number of slits 31 cut in the upper half of tube 25 according to the foregoing process is n_(d), where n_(d) is the number of loops 32 ultimately desired in distal side 30 when occluder 20 is deployed. Thus, four slits 31 are cut in the upper portion of tube 25 to produce four struts 32 a, 32 b, 32 c, and 32 d (FIGS. 11A-11C).

Upon the application of force F_(d) to distal end 39 of tube 25, the axial ends of slits 31 are brought together such that struts 32 bow radially outwardly to form loops 32 of distal side 30. Central tube 22 may be constrained during the application of force F_(d). One skilled in the art will recognize that any combination of forces sufficient to reduce the axial length of the tube 25 would be sufficient to deploy the distal side 30 of occluder 20. The cross-sectional dimensions of loops 32 are determined by the thickness of tube 25 and the distance between adjacent slits 31. The length of slits 31 determines the length of loops 32 and the radial extent of the deployed occluder 20. In this manner, the dimensions of loops 32 may be controlled during production of occluder 20. For example, as more material is removed from tube 25 during the cutting process used to form slits 31, the thickness of loops 32 decreases. Moreover, any or all of slits 31 may be cut such that struts 32 vary in thickness along their length; accordingly, loops 32 will also vary in thickness along their length. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to have a wider strut 32 at the location where it joins tube 25 to create a sturdier device. Alternatively, it may be desirable to have a wider portion elsewhere along strut 32 such that occluder 20 is predisposed to bend into a certain shape and arrangement. For example, the portion of each of struts 32 nearer central tube 22 may be thinner than the portion of each of struts 32 nearer end 39 to facilitate bending of struts 32 into loops 32 during deployment of occluder 20.

Loops 42 in proximal side 40 of occluder 20 are produced by forming slits 41 in the lower half of tube 25 using the same cutting process(es) described above for distal side 30 (FIG. 11B). The cutting of slits 41 produces struts 41 in tube 25 (FIGS. 11A-11B) that deform into loops 42 in proximal side 40 when occluder 20 is deployed. The number of slits 41 cut in the lower half of tube 25 is n_(p), where n_(p) is the number of loops 42 ultimately desired in proximal side 40 of occluder 20. Thus, four slits 41 are cut in the upper portion of tube 25 to produce four struts 42 a, 42 b, 42 c, and 42 d and, ultimately, four loops 42 a, 42 b, 42 c, and 42 d in proximal side 40. Although distal side 30 and proximal side 40 may each include the same number of loops 32 and 42, respectively, there is no requirement that the number of loops 32 is identical to the number of loops 42, as described in more detail below. When force F_(p) is applied to end 44 of tube 25, the axial ends of slits 41 are brought together such that struts 42 bow radially outwardly to form loops 42 of proximal side 40. As discussed above in the context of deploying distal side 30, central tube 22 may be constrained during the application of force F_(p). One skilled in the art will recognize that any combination of forces sufficient to reduce the axial length of the tube 25 would be sufficient to deploy the proximal side 40 of occluder 20. The dimensions of loops 42 may be varied as described above for loops 32.

Slits 31 and 41, as shown in FIG. 11B, are cut axially along the length of tube 25. However, as one of skill in the art will recognize, slits 31 and/or 41 may also be cut along other dimensions of tube 25. For example, as shown in FIG. 11A, slits 31 and 41 may be cut at an angle such that they are helically disposed on tube 25. Angled slits 31 and 41 produce angled struts 32 and 42, which deform into angled loops 32 and 42 during deployment. Further, slits 31 and 41 need not be straight; for example, slits 31 and 41 may be cut as zigzags, S-shaped slits, or C-shaped slits. One skilled in the art will be capable of selecting the angle for the slits 31 and/or 41 and the loop 32 and 42 shape(s) appropriate for a given clinical application. For example, when occluder 20 is formed from a polymer tube 25, straight loops 32 and 42 may be preferable because they will impart maximum stiffness to occluder 20. If the tube 25 is formed of a stiffer material, the angled slits 31 and/or 41 may provide a more desired stiffness to the occluder 20.

One skilled in the art will recognize that the occluders described herein may be used with anti-thrombogenic compounds, including but not limited to heparin and peptides, to reduce thrombogenicity of the occluder and/or to enhance the healing response of the septal tissue 12 following deployment of the occluder in vivo. Similarly, the occluders described herein may be used to deliver other drugs or pharmaceutical agents (e.g. growth factors, peptides). The anti-thrombogenic compounds, drugs, and/or pharmaceutical agents may be included in the occluders of the present invention in several ways, including by incorporation into the tissue scaffold, as previously described, or as a coating, e.g. a polymeric coating, on the tube(s) 25 forming the distal side 30 and proximal side 40 of the occluder 20. Furthermore, the occluders described herein may include cells that have been seeded within the tissue scaffold or coated upon the tube(s) 25 forming the distal side 30 and proximal side 40 of the occluder 20.

One skilled in the art will further recognize that occluders according to this invention could be used to occlude other vascular and non-vascular openings. For example, the device could be inserted into a left atrial appendage or other tunnels or tubular openings within the body.

Having described preferred embodiments of the invention, it should be apparent that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is defined in the claims below. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A septal defect occluder, comprising: an elongate body having a longitudinal axis, the elongate body comprising: a first end; a second end; a central portion located between the first end and the second end; a first compressible side located adjacent to the first end, wherein the first compressible side includes at least two slits that extend generally parallel to the longitudinal axis while the septal defect occluder is configured in an elongated delivery form; and a second compressible side located adjacent to the second end, wherein the second compressible side includes at least two slits that extend generally parallel to the longitudinal axis while the septal defect occluder is configured in the elongated delivery form, wherein compression of the first compressible side forms a first strut that bows outwardly defining a first loop joined to the first end of the elongate body at a first end of the first loop and to the central portion at a second end of the first loop and having a bend located thereinbetween which twists, and wherein compression of the second compressible side forms a second strut that bows outwardly defining a second loop joined to the second end of the elongate body at a first end of the second loop and to the central portion at a second end of the first loop and having a bend located thereinbetween which twists.
 2. The septal defect occluder of claim 1, wherein the first loop is substantially concave with respect to the central portion.
 3. The septal defect occluder of claim 1, wherein the first strut and the second strut extend axially from the elongate body at angles of less than 90 degrees from the longitudinal axis.
 4. The septal defect occluder of claim 3, wherein the angles are less than about 45 degrees from the longitudinal axis.
 5. The septal defect occluder of claim 3, wherein the first loop is axially offset from the second loop.
 6. The septal defect occluder of claim 1, wherein the first loop includes an outermost portion that directly opposes an outermost portion of the second loop.
 7. The septal defect occluder of claim 1, wherein the first or second loop is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
 8. The septal defect occluder of claim 1, wherein the first strut is rotated about the longitudinal axis by less than approximately 45 degrees with respect to the second strut.
 9. The septal defect occluder of claim 1, wherein the first loop is a different diameter than the second loop.
 10. The septal defect occluder of claim 1, wherein the first loop and the second loop are formed without rotation about the longitudinal axis of the first end relative to the second end.
 11. The septal defect occluder of claim 1, wherein the occluder further comprises tissue scaffolding attached to the loops.
 12. The septal defect occluder of claim 11, wherein the tissue scaffolding is bioabsorbable.
 13. The septal defect occluder of claim 1, wherein the elongate body is nitinol.
 14. A septal defect occluder comprising: an elongate tubular body defining a longitudinal axis and comprising a first side including a first end portion, a second side including a second end portion, and a central tube portion located between the first side and the second side, wherein while the septal defect occluder is configured in an elongated delivery form the first side includes at least two slits that extend generally parallel to the longitudinal axis along the tubular body and that define a first strut therebetween, wherein compression of the first side causes the first strut to form a bent portion that comprises a first loop, and wherein the bent portion of the first strut includes a twisted portion of the first strut.
 15. The septal defect occluder of claim 14, wherein the second side includes at least two slits that extend along the tubular body and that define a second strut therebetween, wherein compression of the second side causes the second strut to form a bent portion that comprises a second loop, and wherein the bent portion of the second strut includes a twisted portion of the second strut.
 16. The septal defect occluder of claim 14, wherein the first side includes at least four slits that extend along the tubular body and that define a first strut, a second strut, a third strut, and a fourth strut therebetween, wherein compression of the first side causes each of the first strut, the second strut, the third strut, and the fourth strut to form bent portions that comprise a first loop, a second loop, a third loop, and a fourth loop respectively, and wherein the bent portions of each of the first strut, the second strut, the third strut, and the fourth strut include twisted portions of the first strut, the second strut, the third strut, and the fourth strut respectively.
 17. The septal defect occluder of claim 16, wherein the second side includes at least four slits that extend along the tubular body and that define a fifth strut, a sixth strut, a seventh strut, and an eighth strut therebetween, wherein compression of the second side causes each of the fifth strut, the sixth strut, the seventh strut, and the eighth strut to form bent portions that comprise a fifth loop, a sixth loop, a seventh loop, and an eighth loop respectively, and wherein the bent portions of each of the fifth strut, the sixth strut, the seventh strut, and the eighth strut include twisted portions of the fifth strut, the sixth strut, the seventh strut, and the eighth strut respectively.
 18. The septal defect occluder of claim 17, wherein at least one of the first loop, the second loop, the third loop, or the fourth loop is a different size than at least one of the fifth loop, the sixth loop, the seventh loop, or the eighth loop. 